Cartography
Like the teachings of ICT (Information & Communication Technology), Cartography is concerned with the recording and transmission of information. Cartographers, however, limit themselves to the domain of spatial data, i.e. data that is somehow bound to the Earth's surface. A geographer describes this data; a cartographer visualizes it. The late Dutch professor Cornelis Koeman (1918-2006) summed it up succinctly in his inaugural address at the (State) University Utrecht in 1968 by stating that a cartographer must first ask himself: “How do I say what to whom”. He/she is bound by the rules of graphic image language, as formulated by Jacques Bertin in his standard work Sémiologie Graphique (1967). Koeman's successor Ferjan Ormeling - now emeritus professor at Utrecht University - formulated this in the Kartografisch Tijdschrift (1982-4) as follows: “Cartography is the science of transmitting information by means of maps, in which the information to be transmitted is